Field Dependence-Independence and Extraversion: Predicting Susceptibility to Demand Characteristics in the Context of a Positive Velten Mood Induction Procedure
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Uke, Dexter
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Uke, Dexter. 2021. Field Dependence-Independence and Extraversion: Predicting Susceptibility to Demand Characteristics in the Context of a Positive Velten Mood Induction Procedure. Master's thesis, Harvard University Division of Continuing Education.Abstract
MIPs were created so that researchers could study the relationship between mood and behavior (Kenealy, 1986; Lessard, 1993). However, they cannot always be sure that the target mood has been induced because of demand characteristics (Kenealy, 1986). Participants can make it seem like they are in the target mood state by giving a false report or faking behavior. This potentially invalidates study results. Multiple researchers have already suggested ways to counter the effects of demand characteristics (Clark, 1983; Larsen & Sinnett, 1991; Westermann, Spies, Stahl & Hesse, 1996). However, little research has been done to predict demand effects by antecedents, such as personality or cognitive factors, or investigate their influence on participants individually. The main concern of this study was to better understand how demand characteristics relate with aspects of personality in the context of a positive mood induction via the Velten Mood Induction Procedure (VMIP).This study had five objectives. The first was to determine the relationship between demand characteristics and Field Dependence-Independence (FDI), an aspect of cognitive thinking style (Demick, 2014). The second was to investigate the relationship between demand characteristics and Extraversion, one of the five domains of the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1995). The third was to evaluate the relationship between FDI and Extraversion and determine if they are the same construct. The fourth was to determine whether there was a relationship between Extraversion and baseline positive affect. The fifth was to see if there was convergent validity between the Affective Slider (AS) and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule – Expanded Form (PANAS-X).
Results showed that neither FDI nor Extraversion had a significant relationship with any of the seven demand characteristics variables used in this study. They also showed no significant relationship between FDI and Extraversion. However, they suggested convergent validity between the Joviality subscale of the PANAS-X and the Pleasure subscale of the AS. They also suggested convergent validity between the Arousal subscale of the AS and the Attentiveness and Fatigue subscales of the PANAS-X. Results showed a relationship between Extraversion and positive affect before the VMIP. Exploratory analysis suggested that this relationship is moderated by FDI, although more research is needed to confirm this.
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